This review looks at evidence that has been published since 2017 on the online risks and harms experienced by children in the UK. It spans the period (2017-2023) immediately before the implementation of the Online Safety Act 2023, providing an up-to-date picture of the evidence base and setting a baseline from which to assess any changes linked to the introduction of regulation in the online world.
The review focuses primarily on evidence concerning children’s exposure to online sexual risks, in line with the NSPCC’s priority work around child sexual abuse. It also reviews evidence on two other topics: children’s exposure to other online risks, including pornography, self-harm and violent content; and the role technology plays in increasing or decreasing these risks. The scope of the review includes UK and international studies involving children of all ages.
The review:
Authors: Dr Jo Bryce, Professor Sonia Livingstone, Professor Julia Davidson, Beth Hall and Jodie Smith
Evidence published since 2017 indicates that at least one in twenty children have experienced online sexual risks or harm. The vast amount of child sexual abuse imagery in circulation suggests that many children who experience sexual exploitation go unidentified.
There are some commonalities between the emotional and psychological impacts of these two types of harm. However, children who encounter sexual risks are less likely to tell someone about their experience.
Risk can be increased or decreased through the design of online platforms and the decisions tech companies make regarding the use of robust safety features such as age assurance, content moderation and detection tools.
Please cite as: Bryce, J. et al (2023) Evidence review on online risks to children. London: NSPCC.
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