Case review process in UK nations

England

Criteria for carrying out a child safeguarding practice review (CSPR)

In England, the local authority must notify the Child Safeguarding Practice Review Panel if:

• a child has died or been seriously harmed
• and abuse or neglect of the child is known or suspected.

This may include cases where a child has caused serious harm to someone else.

Serious harm includes, but is not limited to, serious and/or long-term impairment of a child’s mental or physical health or intellectual, emotional, social or behavioural development. This should include cases where impairment is likely to be long-term, even if this is not immediately certain.

Local safeguarding partners (local authorities, chief officers of police, and integrated care boards) must carry out a rapid review into all incidents notified to the Panel.

A copy of the rapid review should be sent to the Child Safeguarding Practice Review Panel along with notification of whether the local safeguarding partners will be carrying out a local child safeguarding practice review (LCSPR or CSPR; previously known as a serious case review or SCR).

The local safeguarding partners may decide not to undertake a local child safeguarding practice review because they have already carried out several reviews concerning the same issue, so new learning is unlikely.

If a case is particularly complex or of national importance, the Child Safeguarding Practice Review Panel may decide to commission a national child safeguarding practice review.

In England, the key guidance for safeguarding practice reviews is Working together to safeguard children 2023: a guide to multi-agency working to help, protect and promote the welfare of children (Department for Education, 2023).

Carrying out a child safeguarding review

Local authorities must notify the Child Safeguarding Practice Review Panel and relevant safeguarding partners within five working days if they know or suspect that a child has been seriously harmed or died because of abuse or neglect.

The Secretary of State and Ofsted must also be notified if a looked after child has died, whether or not abuse or neglect is known or suspected.

The Department for Education (DfE) has published guidance on how local authorities should notify incidents to the Child Safeguarding Practice Review Panel.

Local safeguarding partners must then undertake a rapid review within 15 working days. The rapid review should:

• assemble the facts of the case
• establish any immediate action needed to ensure a child's safety
• consider the potential for practice learning
• decide what steps they should take next, including whether a child safeguarding practice review should be commissioned.

As soon as a rapid review is complete, the safeguarding partners should send a copy to the Panel.

If the safeguarding partners determine that the issues raised by a case are of local importance, they may also commission a local child safeguarding review. They must inform the Panel, Ofsted and DfE that they are conducting a review, and share the name of the commissioned reviewer.

Once the Panel receives the rapid review they must determine, based on the complexity or national importance of the case, whether to commission a national child safeguarding practice review. If the decision is made to proceed with a national review, the Panel will agree the scope and methodology with the local safeguarding partners and engage with them and others involved in the case.

The Panel may also decide to commission a thematic national review, bringing together learning around a specific topic from a number of different incidents.

All child safeguarding practice reviews should:

• reflect the child's perspective and the family context
• be proportionate to the circumstances of the case
• focus on potential learning
• establish and explain the reasons why the events occurred as they did
• include a brief overview of the key circumstances, background and context of the case
• provide a summary of why relevant decisions by professionals were taken
• critique how agencies worked together and identify any shortcomings
• consider whether any shortcomings are features of practice in general
• consider what would need to be done differently to prevent harm occurring to a child in similar circumstances
• provide recommendations for what needs to happen to ensure that agencies learn from this case

(Child Safeguarding Practice Review Panel, 2019).

Publishing reports

Reports should be published no later than six months after the date of the decision to carry out a review.

Safeguarding partners must publish local reviews and the Panel must publish national reviews unless they consider it inappropriate to do so. If the full report is not published there may still be information about improvements for best practice that are appropriate to publish.

Safeguarding partners should set out the justification for any decision not to publish details of a review.

The safeguarding partners should ensure that the way reports are written avoids harming the welfare of any children or vulnerable adults involved in the case. This may include removing intimate personal details of a family’s life.

• Local child safeguarding practice review reports must be publicly available for at least one year.
• The reports of national reviews must be made publicly available for at least three years.

Learning from case reviews

Safeguarding partners must send the reports or learning from them to the Child Safeguarding Practice Review Panel and to the Secretary of State for Education prior to publication. They should also send the report or learning to Ofsted.

The Panel should send copies of published reports of national and local child safeguarding practice reviews, or published information relating to improvements that should be made following those reviews, to the What Works Centre for Children's Social Care and other relevant inspectorates, bodies or individuals as they see fit.

The safeguarding partners should highlight findings from reviews with relevant parties locally and should regularly audit progress on the implementation of recommended improvements. Improvement should be sustained through regular monitoring and follow up of actions so that the findings from these reviews make a real impact on improving outcomes for children.

The Child Safeguarding Practice Review Panel (the panel) publishes an annual report analysing learning from serious incident notifications from the past year (Child Safeguarding Practice Review Panel, 2024). The latest report covers the Panel’s work from April 2023 to March 2024.

> Read our summary of the Child Safeguarding Practice Review Panel’s annual report 2023/24

> Read our summary of the Child Safeguarding Practice Review Panel’s annual report from 2022/23

> Listen to our podcast episode on the work of the Child Safeguarding Practice Review Panel

The Panel also publishes national reviews, sharing learning from rapid reviews about specific topics or cases of national importance. Read our summary of: 

> The Child Safeguarding Practice Review Panel’s report on race, racism and safeguarding children

> The national review into child sexual abuse within the family environment

> Safeguarding children with disabilities and complex health needs in residential settings

> Multi-agency safeguarding and domestic abuse

> Safeguarding children at risk from criminal exploitation

> Sudden unexpected death in infancy (SUDI)

> Non-accidental injury caused by male carers

Our National case review repository holds copies of published reports, making it easier to access and share learning.

> Find out more about the National case review repository

Northern Ireland

Criteria for carrying out a case management review (CMR)

In Northern Ireland, a case management review should take place when:

• a child dies or is significantly harmed, and either:
  • abuse or neglect is known, or suspected, to have been involved
  • the child, or a sibling, was at any point in their life on the child protection register (CPR) and subject to a care protection plan
  • the child, or a sibling of the child was in care.
• there are concerns about the effectiveness of any of the people or agencies represented on the Safeguarding Board in safeguarding and promoting the welfare of children
• there is significant learning to be gained from a review being held which will lead to substantial improvements in safeguarding and promoting the welfare of children in Northern Ireland.

Case management reviews may also take place where effective working has taken place and outstanding positive learning can be gained to improve practice in safeguarding and promoting the welfare of children.

In Northern Ireland, the key guidance for conducting a case management review is Learning from Practice - Case Management Review Process Multi-Agency Guidance (Safeguarding Board for Northern Ireland, 2017).

Carrying out a case management review

When notified of an incident that meets some of the criteria for a CMR, the Safeguarding Board for Northern Ireland (SBNI) will inform the CMR Panel. The panel will ask its members to check their databases and provide any details of service involvement with the child or their family. The SBNI Board will then use the recommendation of the CMR panel to decide whether to commission a CMR.

The CMR panel chair will appoint a CMR team chair and agree the composition of the CRM team who will undertake the review.

The parents and child/young person (if appropriate) will be offered the opportunity to meet with members of review team. In addition to individual agency reports (IARs), insight may be gathered through learning events with practitioners, managers and safeguarding/child protection leads who had been involved in the case.

The case management review should consist of:

• an overview report highlighting the lessons learned and identifying any recommendations for future action to strengthen systems for supporting families and protecting children in the future
• an executive summary which provides a summary of the case and the learning gained
• an action plan for agencies and the SBNI designed to take forward the recommendations and learning from the CMR.

Publishing case management reviews

The CMR executive summaries will ordinarily be published and so should be written in such a way that it is suitable for publication, including protecting the identities of individuals.

The Overview Report contains highly sensitive and confidential information and therefore may only be shared within a framework of confidentiality and data protection.

Learning from case management reviews

Learning from CMRs is shared through the organisations that were involved and with the safeguarding panels chairs and other key stakeholders.

The Safeguarding Board for Northern Ireland (SBNI) publishes annual reports sharing the learning from case management reviews. The report shares learning from CMRs 2019 to 2020 (SBNI, 2020).  

Our National case review repository holds copies of published reports, making it easier to access and share learning.

> Find out more about the National case review repository

Scotland

Criteria for carrying out a learning review

In Scotland, a learning review (previously known as a significant case review) should take place if a child has died, sustained significant harm or been at risk of significant harm, and one or more of the following apply:

• abuse or neglect is known, or suspected, to have been involved
• the child, or a sibling, was at any point in their life on the child protection register (CPR)
• the death is by suicide
• the death is by alleged murder, culpable homicide, reckless conduct, or act of violence

(Scottish Government, 2021).

A learning review should be carried out if there is learning to be gained which could help improve the protection of other children and young people. This includes areas where practice needs to be improved and examples of good practice (Scottish Government, 2021).

A learning review should focus on understanding:

• what happened
• how some assessments were made
• how people saw things at the time
• what knowledge was drawn on to make sense of the situation
• the resources available
• the emotional impact of the work
• effective practice.

It should also identify learning points and set out how these should be actioned and implemented in the future (Scottish Government, 2021).

In Scotland, the key guidance for carrying out learning reviews is Child protection committees - learning reviews: national guidance (Scottish Government, 2021).

Initiating a learning review

Initial case review

When the child protection committee (CPC) is notified about a case that might meet the criteria for a learning review, they will nominate a person or sub-group to gather more information from the agencies involved with the case. This person or sub-group will assess the information and make a recommendation to the CPC about whether or not to proceed with a learning review.

Carrying out a learning review

The CPC will set up a multi-agency review team to carry out the learning review following a systematic approach. Every learning review should have terms of reference to define the scope of the review. Information about how to carry out the review is provided in the Scottish Government’s national guidance for learning reviews (Scottish Government, 2021).

Learning review report

The learning review report should identify key learning points and explain how and why that learning has emerged through the review process. Proposals for improvement should only be made if there is evidence that they will effectively address the shortcomings identified in the report (Scottish Government, 2021).

The CPC will recommend whether the report should be published, but the final decision is made by the Chief Officers Group (made up of the Chief Officers of each Health and Social Care partnership in Scotland). The Chief Officers Group (COG) should consider:

• confidentiality and data protection
• the views of the family
• how to make sure the publication is suitably anonymised but also clearly reflects the learning emerging from the review

(Scottish Government, 2021).

Learning from reviews

The CPC must make sure an action plan is drawn up, setting out how the strategies for improvement identified in the report will be implemented.

Learning from the review should be shared at a local and national level. At a local level, this aims to:

• make sure the learning is understood by practitioners, managers and organisations
• explore how the learning can be embedded in practice and systems

(Scottish Government, 2021).

At a national level, learning should be shared across CPC areas to inform best practice.

The Learning Review Liaison Group is made up of representatives from the Scottish Government, the Care Inspectorate and CPC Scotland. The group meets to discuss thematic findings from learning reviews that have national implications for policy and practice development.

In 2024 the Care Inspectorate published a data report (PDF) providing an overview of learning reviews for children in Scotland for 1 September 2021 – 31 March 2023 (Care Inspectorate, 2024).

Our National case review repository holds copies of published reports, making it easier to access and share learning.

> Find out more about the National case review repository

Wales

Criteria for carrying out a single unified safeguarding review (SUSR)

A single unified safeguarding review (which replaces the child practice review) should take place if child abuse is known or suspected and a child has:

• died
• sustained potentially life threatening injury
• sustained serious and permanent impairment of health or development.

In Wales, the key guidance for conducting reviews is the Single unified safeguarding review: statutory guidance (Welsh Government, 2024).

Carrying out a single unified safeguarding review

The purpose of a single unified safeguarding review is to generate professional and organisational learning and promote improvement in future multi-agency practice. 

Single unified safeguarding reviews provide one integrated review process for the most serious incidents in Wales. This process incorporates a multi-agency approach and avoids the need to undertake a series of different reviews (such as child practice reviews, domestic homicide reviews and adult practice reviews) if one incident meets the criteria for multiple reviews.

The review should focus on current practice, so should normally consider a timeline of up to 12 months preceding the incident. This can be extended up to two years if current practice remains relevant and learning can be achieved from doing so.

The review engages directly with children and family members, as they wish and is appropriate. It also involves practitioners who have been working with the child and family, and their managers. A planned and facilitated practitioner-focused learning event is a key element of the review, conducted by a reviewer(s) independent of the case management, to examine current case practice within a limited timeline and using a systems approach.

There are two types of SUSR relating to the abuse or neglect of a child, a concise and an extended review:

• a concise review should take place if the child was not on the child protection register or in care at any point in the six months running up to the incident
• an extended review must take place if the child was on the child protection register and/or was in care at any point during the six months running up to the incident.

Regional safeguarding boards are responsible for instigating reviews. They must determine whether a concise review or an extended review is required and consider how many reviewers should be appointed.

Publishing single unified safeguarding reviews

Both concise and extended SUSRs must be published.

• The final report is approved and published by the safeguarding board and submitted to the Welsh Government. The process will be completed as soon as possible but usually not more than six months from the date of a referral from the Board to the Review Sub-Group.
• Recommendations from the final report must be shared with other regional partnership arrangements if aspects of the review are relevant to their work.
• The report must appear on the safeguarding board's website for a minimum of 12 weeks.

Learning from single unified safeguarding reviews

Both concise and extended reviews must include an action plan.

• The action plan is finalised within four weeks of the final report, approved by the safeguarding board, and submitted to the Welsh Government.
• Action plans should incorporate learning and recommendations from the report. They may be directed at single agencies or require multi-agency action.
• Action plans should lead to improvements in child protection practice.
• The implementation of the action plan must be regularly reviewed and progress should be reported to the SUSR co-ordination hub.
• The safeguarding board must ensure action plans are being carefully audited.
• The safeguarding board must work with the SUSR co-ordination hub to submit a report to the safeguarding team of the Welsh Government on the differences the actions have made to practice.

Child practice reviews (CPRs)

Child practice reviews were replaced by single unified safeguarding reviews in 2024. All CPRs initiated after 1 October 2024 should be carried out in accordance with the SUSR statutory guidance. CPRs initiated before October 2024 should follow the existing CPR process.

Studies have brought together some of the key themes, learning and recommendations from child practice reviews.

In 2019, Cardiff University published an overview of key themes and recommendations from Child Practice Reviews (CPRs) completed between 2014 and 2019 (Rees, A. et al, 2019). 

A thematic analysis of multi-agency safeguarding in Wales, commissioned by the National Independent Safeguarding Board (NISB) and produced by researchers from Manchester Metropolitan University and the University of Liverpool, was published in 2023. The report shares key messages and learning derived from CPRs in Wales between 2013 and 2021 (McManus, M.A. et al, 2023).

> Read our CASPAR briefing on the 2023 thematic analysis

Our National case review repository holds copies of published reports, making it easier to access and share learning.

> Find out more about the National case review repository

References and resources

England

Child Safeguarding Practice Review Panel (2024) Annual report 2022/23: patterns in practice, key messages and 2023/24 work programme (PDF). [London]: Child Safeguarding Practice Review Panel.

Department for Education (DfE) (2023) Working together to safeguard children 2023: a guide to multi-agency working to help, protect and promote the welfare of children. [Accessed 15/12/2023].

Department for Education (DfE) (2019) Report a serious child safeguarding incident. [Accessed 19/05/2022].

Northern Ireland

Department of Health, Social Services and Public Safety (2014) Guidance to Safeguarding Board for Northern Ireland (SBNI) (PDF). Belfast: Department of Health, Social Services and Public Safety

Safeguarding Board for Northern Ireland (SBNI) (2017) 'Learning from practice' case management review process multi-agency guidance. Belfast: Safeguarding Board for Northern Ireland.

Safeguarding Board for Northern Ireland (SBNI) (2020) Learning from CMRs 2019 - 2020. [Accessed 19/05/2022].

Scotland

Care Inspectorate (2024) Learning reviews for children in Scotland: data report for 1 September 2021 – 31 March 2023 (PDF). Dundee: Care Inspectorate.

Scottish Government (2021) Child protection committees - learning reviews: national guidance. [Accessed 19/05/2022].

Wales

McManus, M.A, Ball, E. and Almond, L. (2023) Risk, response and review: multi-agency safeguarding. [Accessed 17/10/2023].

Rees, A. et al (2019) Findings from a thematic analysis of Child Practice Reviews in Wales. Cardiff: Cardiff University. 

Welsh Government (2024) Single Unified Safeguarding Review: statutory guidance. [Accessed 04/10/2024].

Further reading

Learning from case reviews
Our series of thematic briefings highlight the learning from case reviews on different topics including: child sexual exploitation; infants; parents with a mental health problem; learning for specific sectors.

For further reading about case reviews, search the NSPCC Library catalogue using the keyword "official enquiries".

> Find out more about the Library and Information Service

Related resources 

Training course: learning from case reviews
Find out how you can apply the lessons from case reviews and improve your practice to help protect children and young people.

Child deaths due to abuse or neglect: statistics briefing
We have produced a briefing which brings together the available data and statistics about child deaths due to abuse or neglect.

Inter-professional communication and decision making
The NSPCC, in partnership with the Social Care Institute for Excellence (SCIE), analysed 38 serious case reviews and identified practice issues relating to how professionals in different agencies communicate and make decisions. We’ve created 14 briefings to provide a more detailed understanding of practice issues highlighted by the SCR reports.